Is Delta 9 strong?

Delta 9 THC is the main psychoactive compound from the cannabis plant. When you consume it in excessive amounts, it will produce strong psychoactive effects. 

Science shows that lower amounts of Delta 9 can provide all sorts of health benefits without compromising your faculties. 5 or 10 milligrams of THC can uplift and relax you without getting you high.

There are so many ways you can microdose cannabis, but not all of them are safe and reliable. 

You can trust our low-dose Delta 9 THC gummies to deliver consistent, controlled doses so you get all the benefits without any nasty surprises.

What is Delta 9 THC?

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9 THC or Δ-9-THC) is one out of more than 100 compounds from the cannabis plant. While it isn’t the only compound with psychoactive properties, Delta 9 produces the trademark cannabis high when consumed at large doses. 

Delta 9 THC interacts with receptors in the brain and central nervous system, leading to a variety of physical, cognitive, and psychological effects such as:  

1. Altered perception
2. Sensory enhancement
3. Pain relief
4. Relaxation
5. Euphoria
6. Increased appetite
7. Dry mouth
8. Increased heart rate
9. Slowed reaction time

The more Delta 9 you consume, the higher the risks of experiencing stronger, potentially negative effects like impairment, increased heart rate, and, for some people, even paranoia and hallucinations. At high levels, Delta 9 THC has the potential to cause addiction and serious medical conditions like cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and cannabis toxicity. 

If you stick to lower doses, you’re more likely to bypass any psychoactive effects and tap into the therapeutic and medicinal properties of Delta 9. 

If you’re not convinced that microdosing cannabis is the best way to go, our guide to the health benefits of low THC doses will get you over the hump.

How does Delta 9 produce its effects?

Delta 9 THC interacts with something called the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a cell-signaling system in the body, to produce its effects. 

The ECS helps regulate all of our vital physiological processes:

• Appetite
• Pain perception
• Inflammation
• Mood
• Memory
• Immune function
• Sleep

Exogenous and endogenous

Delta 9 is an exogenous (from outside our bodies) cannabinoid. Our ECS produces endogenous cannabinoids.

• Exogenous: from outside. Exogenous cannabinoids are those from outside our bodies.
• Endogenous: from within. Endogenous cannabinoids are those produced by our bodies. The term “endogenous cannabinoid” is usually shortened to “endocannabinoid.” As in, “the endocannabinoid system.”

Delta 9 is also called a phytocannabinoid, meaning that a plant produces it. 

Exogenous cannabinoids share similar chemical structures and functions to endogenous cannabinoids. That’s why Delta 9 THC is able to bind to cannabinoid receptors in our ECS and mimic the effects of our natural endocannabinoids. 

CB2 and CB2 receptors

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the ECS; the two major receptor types are CB1 and CB2. 

• CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain and central nervous system. When THC binds to them, it can alter neurotransmitter release in parts of the brain that regulate cognition, memory, pleasure, and coordination. This is why large amounts of THC can cause psychoactive effects like increased anxiety and memory impairment.
• CB2 receptors are located mostly within immune cells and tissues. Activating CB2 can help modulate inflammation, pain signaling, and immune function. Through its interaction with CB2 receptors, THC is thought to have potent anti-inflammatory properties.

While these anti-inflammatory effects of THC are nothing short of amazing, we’re more interested in how THC binds to CB1 in the brain to produce potentially strong, intoxicating effects. 

Delta 9’s interaction with CB1 receptors

Because THC mimics our endocannabinoids, it binds directly to and activates CB1 cannabinoid receptors. This can cause changes in mood, appetite, pain perception, and more. Here’s what happens when Delta 9 THC binds to CB1 receptors.

• Pain relief: THC is a potent analgesic. Its pain-soothing effects are mediated primarily through CB1 receptors. THC can treat chronic pain conditions, such as neuropathy, fibromyalgia, arthritic pain, and cancer pain.
• Increased appetite: THC has been shown to stimulate appetite. This effect is believed to be mediated through the CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus. As an agonist of cannabinoid receptors, THC “raises the possibility of improved therapies for disorders of eating and body weight [and for] the treatment of conditions that involve reduced appetite and weight loss.” (Kirkham)
• Sedation: by affecting CB1 receptors in the basal ganglia (brain structures that form important connections), THC can produce sedative effects.
• Relaxation: THC is known to produce a sense of relaxation in cannabis users, another effect mediated through the CB1 receptors in the amygdala.

The activation of CB1 receptors helps modulate signaling between neurons that employ neurotransmitters, altering their levels and regulating their functions. One of the most important neurotransmitters Delta 9 influences is dopamine. 

What is the interaction between Delta 9 and dopamine?

Dopamine is responsible for regulating pleasure, reward, and motivation in the brain. Its low levels have been associated with anxiety and depression, so keeping it at optimal levels is important for our mental health, among other things. 

Delta 9 helps increase dopamine signaling by activating CB1 receptors on presynaptic neurons. This causes more dopamine to be released into the synaptic cleft, which binds to dopamine receptors on the next neuron and amplifies that signaling pathway.

CB1Rs and the endocannabinoid ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are abundant in dopaminergic pathways including the striatum… Anandamide and 2-AG stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. This effect is blocked by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, indicating that dopaminergic effects of endocannabinoids involve CB1 receptors. (Bloomfield, et. al.)

This boost in dopamine activity causes the euphoric and relaxing effects of Delta 9. However, activating CB1 receptors causes potentially psychoactive effects not only because Delta 9 influences dopamine but other neurotransmitters as well. 

How Does Delta 9 Interact With Other Neurotransmitters?

THC directly acts on CB1 receptors, which then causes downstream changes in neurotransmitter release and activity. The wide range of psychoactive effects stems directly from the way Delta 9 THC interacts with neurotransmitters through CB1. 

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter: it reduces neuron activity and has calming effects. When sufficient amounts of THC are in the system, it activates CB1 on GABAergic neurons and suppresses its release. Lower GABA levels reduce its inhibitory influence, which impairs motor control, coordination, and judgment.
• Glutamate has the opposite effect of GABA. It is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and cognition. Delta 9 THC acts through CB1 to decrease glutamate release from neurons. With less excitatory glutamate signaling, you feel more relaxed but also experience disrupted learning and impaired memory when high.
• Acetylcholine plays an important role in arousal, attention, and memory. By reducing its levels, higher levels of THC make it harder to focus, sustain attention, or form memories. 

(THC can also regulate serotonin levels, another important neurotransmitter responsible for feelings of happiness and pleasure. However, the short-term serotonin boost doesn't seem to be the reason THC makes you feel high.)

What is the entourage effect?

Many cannabis microdosers swear by the combination of Delta 9 and cannabidiol (CBD) as a more mellow, beneficial boost. Cannabidiol is another major phytocannabinoid from the cannabis plant. 

Through mechanisms that are still being researched, compounds derived from cannabis plants appear to act synergistically with each other. The beneficial effect of cannabidiol becomes more pronounced when you combine it with THC, and vice versa. This is termed the entourage effect.

A lot of our Delta 9 gummies contain balanced ratios of CBD and THC that seem to produce even greater therapeutic and medical benefits. 

For example, enjoy the therapeutic benefits of Delta 9 without negative side effects by taking our Energy gummies. The perfect entourage effect pick-me-up, with just 2.5 mg of Delta 9 and 5 mg of CBD to lift your mood, boost motivation, and heighten focus. 

Start your day feeling upbeat and inspired, not anxious and sedated.

How do CBD and THC play together?

• According to research, “CBD has little binding affinity for either CB1 or CB2 receptors, but it is capable of antagonizing them in the presence of THC.” In other words, when THC and CBD are taken together, CBD improves the safety and tolerability of Delta 9 THC and downregulates THC’s possible adverse effects (e.g., paranoia, increased heart rate, and sedation).
• Unlike THC, CBD can’t make you high because it has a low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors—it doesn’t bind to them directly. Instead, it regulates the activation of these receptors in a more indirect way. Woelfl, et. al. suggest that “CBD appears to have no psychotomimetic potential. On the contrary, emerging evidence for CBD's antipsychotic properties suggests that it may attenuate effects induced by THC.”
• One study showed that CBD can slow anandamide breakdown. (Remember anandamide, one of the two major endocannabinoids?) This causes an increase in anandamide levels, and anandamide is necessary to help regulate mood, bring stress relief, and reduce anxiety. This is probably why CBD is so great in fighting stress and anxiety. 
• THC adds to CBD's painkilling, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nausea properties. The terpenes present also play a role in modulating the high. 

Is there proof of the entourage effect?

While not absolutely validated by science, evidence is mounting that the entourage effect is a real phenomenon. 

A 2018 study found that a CBD-rich extract (which contained other cannabinoids in lower doses) was more efficient than pure CBD in reducing the frequency of seizures in two-thirds of participants with refractory epilepsy. According to the researchers, “the roots of this difference is likely due to synergistic effects of CBD with other phytocompounds (aka Entourage effect)...”

A 2011 study reveals that “the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids…exert additional effects of therapeutic interest.”

You won't exactly feel the entourage effect, but once you start to sleep better or notice reduced symptoms of anxiety—good news! You’re experiencing the synergistic effects of the entourage effect. Buy our full-spectrum CBD edibles to unlock the full benefits of hemp-derived products. 

How strong can Delta 9 be?

Depending on the amounts taken, Delta 9 THC can have extremely intense effects. This compound is so powerful that it is capable of dramatically altering perception, sensory experiences, cognition, and even consciousness when taken in large quantities. 

A 2011 study listed some good and bad effects of high amounts of Delta 9: 

• Delta 9 THC has demonstrated therapeutic benefits for treating nausea, improving appetite, alleviating certain types of pain, and reducing symptoms of multiple sclerosis. 
• However, Delta 9 can also impair cognitive functions like time perception, vigilance, memory, and mental performance.
• The study suggests that excessive amounts of Delta 9 may produce adverse psychological effects including panic reactions, delusions, and hallucinations.

Here's a quick rundown of how robust the effects of Delta 9 can be at higher levels:

1. Delta 9 can alter sensory perception, inducing visual and auditory hallucinations at very high doses. You may experience a wide range of other psychedelic effects, like time dilation and out-of-body sensations.
2. Too much THC can trigger or exacerbate paranoia in some people. While lower doses can actually alleviate anxiety, researchers at the University of Washington found that Delta 9 increases anxiety at higher doses.
3. With high THC levels, balance, motor control, and reaction time are significantly hampered. This increases the risk of accidents and injuries.
4. Heavy THC intake impairs the formation of new memories. You may experience temporary gaps in recall.
5. High doses substantially increase heart rate and blood pressure, which may raise the chance of negative cardiovascular effects.
6. Frequent use of high-THC cannabis carries a risk of dependence and addiction resulting in withdrawal symptoms during abstinence.

Cannabis has a reputation as a relatively safe recreational substance. In fact, Carlini revealed that “it has been proposed by WHO that Delta(9)-THC should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Drugs, as it does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and its abuse is rare if at all.”

Even in excessive amounts, Delta 9 THC isn’t known to cause life-threatening physiological harm. However, as we’ve seen above, extremely high doses of THC can produce acute and unpleasant effects. 

This is precisely why we recommend microdosing. You won’t find a better way to microdose cannabis and experience all its benefits and therapeutic effects than when you buy our low-dose edibles. 

What Does Microdosing Delta 9 Do?

People who consume cannabis are typically after that sweet euphoric buzz, but many users seek other recreational benefits, as well. Cannabis can spark creativity, unwind both mind and body, and open the doors to a relaxed headspace. 

But don't write off Delta 9 as just a party favor. Extensive research has uncovered some legit medicinal benefits too. The best part is that you don't need to get completely baked to reap those perks. Microdosing Delta 9 is the move for healing without the intense head change. 

At low doses of 2–10mg, THC can induce mild euphoria, relaxation, enhanced creativity, pain relief, and other benefits. The cognitive impairment with these amounts is minimal. However, at higher doses above 10mg, the effects become much more intense. 

Let’s explore the effects of low doses of Delta 9. 

Delta 9 Helps You Sleep Better 

We mentioned how the endocannabinoid system is involved with regulating many of the body’s physiological processes. The sleep-wake cycle is one of them. CB1 receptors are particularly abundant in areas of the brain associated with sleep regulation, such as the hypothalamus and brainstem. Through CB1, THC promotes relaxation and facilitates the onset of sleep. 

A study that administered cannabis to 38 patients reported that 71% of participants showed an improvement in their sleep without adverse effects. Delta 9 THC may increase the total duration of sleep, leading to longer periods of interrupted rest. Taking too much cannabis could cause a rapid heartbeat and increase alertness due to anxiety, so microdosing THC for sleep is a way better option. 

If you’re looking for something to ease off stress and fall asleep faster, try our collection of CBD gummies for sleep. All of our sleep gummies come in both full-spectrum CBD and broad-spectrum CBD and include low doses of melatonin. 

Speaking of full-spectrum and melatonin, our Sleep gummies contain low amounts of CBD, CBN—another sleep-enhancing minor cannabinoid—and melatonin. The CBD and CBN provide calm and comfort, while the melatonin tells your body it's time to hit the hay. Pop one of these delicious strawberry-flavored gummies before bed to help you reset your circadian rhythm.

Delta 9 Can Alleviate Nausea 

Delta 9 has antiemetic properties, meaning it can help reduce nausea and vomiting. This makes it potentially beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy or those with gastrointestinal disorders. 

A 2004 study found that “since the [CB1] receptor is present on enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach, activation of CB1R could also reduce endogenous histamine release and thereby reduce acid secretion.” This is an essential factor in treating nausea and vomiting because excess stomach acid can irritate the gastrointestinal lining and stimulate nausea signaling pathways. So by decreasing histamine-mediated acid secretion, CB1 receptor activation helps reduce a potential trigger for nausea and vomiting.

Delta 9 Can Stimulate Appetite

Appetite stimulation is important for those who experience weight loss due to certain medical conditions like cancer, HIV, anorexia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A 2019 study found that some patients with anorexia who used just 5 mg of cannabis a day reported a 10% weight increase without any significant side effects. 

…patients reported less appetite loss after the cannabis treatment (p=0.05)... According to patients' self-reports, improvement in appetite and mood as well as a reduction in pain and fatigue was demonstrated. 

If you’re looking for a natural, effective way to boost your appetite, our Relax Plus Delta 9 edibles might just do the trick. Don’t be fooled by their name—these delicious gummies can help you unwind, but they can also bring out the munchies without the risk of causing adverse effects that will overwhelm your senses. 

Delta 9 THC Relieves Pain and Inflammation

Delta 9 THC has shown promise in providing relief for many types of pain, including neuropathic, fibromyalgia-related, cancer, and nerve pain. One study showed that Delta 9 may reduce multiple sclerosis pain. 

THC has an affinity for the CB1 receptors in the brain and central nervous system that regulate pain responses. When THC activates these receptors, it can modulate pain perception and dampen pain signals in the nervous system. 

Delta 9 has extraordinary anti-inflammatory properties due to its interaction with CB2 receptors. 

Based on animal studies, these receptors are abundant in immune cells involved with inflammatory responses. Activation of CB2 receptors reduces the release of pro-inflammatory molecules called cytokines that cause inflammation. 

Research shows that Delta 9 can suppress the production and release of cytokines and, eventually, reduce the overall inflammatory response. However, this study showed that the effects of cannabis on anti-inflammatory cytokines are produced in combination with other cannabinoids. 

Entourage effects gummies, anyone?

Delta 9 Relieves Stress and Anxiety 

A 2019 study found that smaller amounts of Delta 9 have a much more effective and beneficial impact on stress than higher doses. A low dose of 7.5 mg of THC reduced negative emotions caused by stressors, while 12.5 mg increased their negative mood. 

The study also discusses that lower doses of THC reduced brain activity in regions associated with fear and anxiety. (Read more about the best strains for anxiety and focus.) 

Microdosing cannabis edibles for anxiety has never tasted sweeter than with our Bliss Delta 9 gummies. These mouthwatering melon-flavored treats contain a precision 2.5mg microdose of Delta 9 THC combined with 5mg of anxiety-busting CBD. The result? A balanced cannabis experience that eases anxiety and elevates mood sans the intense high.

What is the best way to microdose Delta 9?

The delivery method you choose to microdose cannabis with can make all the difference. Smoking or vaping is definitely not the way to go. Those consumption methods provide an intense, short-lived high without precision or control. Plus, there’s that terrible smoke you inhale that increases the risk of developing a pulmonary disease or lung cancer.

For reliable effects, your best bet is to consume cannabis in edible form. Edibles allow exact THC measurements so you can find your perfect microdose. The effects of gummies come on slower but last longer when ingested. For some people, the effects can last up to eight hours, yielding stable results. 

If you want to consume Delta 9 THC safely, microdosing with our cannabis edibles is the right choice. We use high-quality, non-GMO, vegan-friendly ingredients for clean consumption. 

How Much Delta 9 Should I Take?

Delta 9 THC is dose-dependent: too much could lead to adverse effects, while small, controlled amounts bring out the therapeutic potential without the psychoactive properties. 

The exact dose that works best typically depends on the person, but starting with a minimal amount will introduce Delta 9 to your system in a controlled, safe way. You can always gradually increase your dose if needed. 

Here are the amounts you should consider when consuming Delta 9 THC:

• Microdoses: 5 milligrams of THC and below 
• Low doses: 5–10 mg of THC 
• Standard doses: 10–25 mg of THC
• Large doses: over 25 mg of THC

Just 5 mg of Delta 9 can bring mild euphoria, while anything above 25 mg is said to cause stronger, more intense, and often intoxicating effects, even for experienced users. As little as 2 mg of THC can be the best microdosing amount to start if you’re a first-time user. 

There’s no better way to tap into microdosing than with our ultra-low-dose Sleep Plus gummies. These juicy chews contain only 2 mg of THC, paired with a balanced dose of CBD (25 mg) and a dash of melatonin. 

Melatonin is the so-called “nighttime hormone.” It earned its name due to its role in regulating sleep-wake cycles. It helps lower body temperature, slow metabolism, and increase fatigue, which is precisely what you need in order to restore normal sleep rhythm. 

How can I avoid strong Delta 9 effects?

Delta 9 is a potent compound that can provide pleasant effects at low doses but move into intense, disorienting territory if you overdo it. While everyone has their own tolerance level, there are some general guidelines that can help you stay in your comfort zone and prevent you from overdoing it. 

• Start low, go slow. Begin with the absolute smallest dose, especially if you’re a first-time user. 
• Stick with microdoses. Products with measured, controlled microdoses of 2–10mg Delta 9 ensure you won't accidentally overdo it.
• Try balanced THC and CBD ratios. Choose cannabis edibles with CBD that can counteract the negative side effects of THC while maximizing the experience.
• Don't mix with other substances. This goes without saying, but if you combine Delta 9 with alcohol, medications, or other substances, you increase the effects exponentially, which could lead you into trouble
• Choose edibles over smoking or vaping. Ingestion provides more controlled, predictable dosing, while inhalation hits harder and faster. Faster is good, especially if you’re microdosing for pain relief or other medical conditions, but safety is more important.

Follow these simple tips and ensure your Delta 9 experience stays mellow, positive, and therapeutic. 

Where can I buy the best low-dose Delta 9 edibles?

If you’re looking to buy the best cannabis edibles, remember that quality matters a lot. Some low-grade THC gummies may contain nasty stuff like pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants that can negate the health benefits of cannabis. You'll want to source your edibles from reputable sellers that provide lab testing results and use top-shelf ingredients, like nama. 

Be a savvy shopper and order at nama CBD. We’re transparent about the ingredients we put in our products—which are nothing short of top quality—and we use only organic, non-GMO, American-sourced hemp with no artificial colorings or flavors. 

Take a look at our guide to where you can purchase the best cannabis edibles that are 100% organic, legal, and delicious.

Resources

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Bloomfield, M., Ashok, A. H., Volkow, N. D., & Howes, O. (2016, November 1). The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system. Nature; Nature Portfolio. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20153

Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012, March 20). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry; Nature Portfolio. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15

Vučković, S., Srebro, D., Vujović, K. S., Vučetić, E., & Prostran, M. (2018, November 13). Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Frontiers in Pharmacology; Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01259

Woelfl, T., Rohleder, C., Mueller, J. K., Lange, B., Reuter, A., Schmidt, A. M., Koethe, D., Hellmich, M., & Leweke, F. M. (2020, November 13). Effects of Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Emotion, Cognition, and Attention: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Experimental Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Frontiers in Psychiatry; Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.576877

Pamplona, F. A., Da Silva, L. R., & Coan, A. C. (2018, September 12). Potential Clinical Benefits of CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Over Purified CBD in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy: Observational Data Meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology; Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00759

Russo, E. B. (2011, July 12). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology; Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x

Stoner SA. Effects of Marijuana on Mental Health: Anxiety Disorders. Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, June 2017. URL: http://adai.uw.edu/pubs/pdf/2017mjanxiety.pdf

Carlini, E. A. (2004, September 1). The good and the bad effects of (−) trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) on humans. Toxicon; Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.009

Vaillancourt, R., Gallagher, S., Cameron, J. D., & Dhalla, R. (2022, April 15). Cannabis use in patients with insomnia and sleep disorders: Retrospective chart review. Canadian Pharmacists Journal; SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/17151635221089617

Hornby, P. J., & Prouty, S. M. (2004, April 1). Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in gut motility and visceral perception. British Journal of Pharmacology; Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705783

Bar-Sela, G., Zalman, D., Semenysty, V., & Ballan, E. (2019, January 1). The Effects of Dosage-Controlled Cannabis Capsules on Cancer-Related Cachexia and Anorexia Syndrome in Advanced Cancer Patients: Pilot Study. Integrative Cancer Therapies; SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419881498

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Anil, S. M., Peeri, H., & Koltai, H. (2022, May 9). Medical Cannabis Activity Against Inflammation: Active Compounds and Modes of Action. Frontiers in Pharmacology; Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.908198

Henshaw, F. R., Dewsbury, L., Lim, C. K., & Steiner, G. Z. (2021, June 1). The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research; Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2020.0105

Childs, E., Lutz, J. A., & De Wit, H. (2017, August 1). Dose-related effects of delta-9-THC on emotional responses to acute psychosocial stress. Drug and Alcohol Dependence; Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.030

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