Microdosing edibles for alcoholism

Alcohol addiction can ruin your relationships, torpedo your career, and trash your health. If you have trouble putting down the bottle, it’s time to look for help. Whether you opt for a detox and rehab center, a twelve-step program, or any other method, we applaud you for taking your life back.

Also, microdoses of cannabis may help reduce alcohol cravings and help you cope with withdrawal symptoms. If you’d like to try it out, buy our low-THC edibles and experience the mild uplift and anti-anxiety effects as you kick alcoholism to the curb. 

Research suggests that small doses of THC may also protect brain cells from alcohol-related damage over time. 

Intrigued? Keep reading as we explore the science behind microdosing cannabis edibles for alcoholism. 

Why is alcohol so harmful?

Alcohol is our society’s favorite vice. It might feel like your friend when you’re having fun, but once you go from social drinker to drinking more and more to take the edge off, that’s when alcohol stops being fun and starts ruining your life. 

Ethanol, the main psychoactive component of alcohol, is a toxic compound that can damage tissues and organs. The more you consume it, the higher the risk it can lead to liver disease, neurological damage, and other serious health issues.

How does alcohol affect the brain?

Alcohol is a literal poison for your brain cells. Ethanol causes inflammation in your brain tissue. Over time, this can degrade brain parts crucial for memory, coordination, and emotional regulation.

There are several brain regions that seem particularly vulnerable to alcohol.

• The frontal lobe. It controls judgment, planning, and impulses. Heavy alcohol clouds your judgment, reduces inhibitions and increases impulsive behaviors.
• The cerebellum. This brain region coordinates movements and balance. You know how you get clumsy, stumble around, and slur your words when you’re tipsy? That’s because alcohol disrupts the critical functions of the cerebellum.
• The hypothalamus. This part of the brain regulates many important bodily processes and emotions. Alcohol suppresses the functions of the hypothalamus, disrupting chemical signaling, and impairing your body’s control over body temperature, hunger, sex drive, and mood.
• The hippocampus. It is responsible for forming memories, both short-term and long-term. Too much drinking inhibits the hippocampus, leading to blackouts. That’s why you often don’t remember doing or saying something when drunk. 

Alcohol degrades memory via the inhibition of glutamate. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and brain plasticity. By inhibiting glutamate, alcohol impairs cognition, including memory formation and retrieval. 

Chronic alcohol exposure downregulates glutamate transporters, which leads to excessive glutamate levels and activity. Excessive glutamate activity, in turn, can lead to excitotoxicity/neurotoxicity. In addition, this excessive [central nervous system] glutamate activity alters synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and stimulus conditioning associated with the development of alcohol and substance use disorders. (Bell, et. al.)

Alcohol also messes with dopamine, another important neurotransmitter. Dopamine is critical for motivation, pleasure, reward, and motor functions, but it also helps regulate:

• Emotional responses
• Memory, focus, and attention
• Mood
• Muscle movements and coordination

A 2021 study on dopamine and alcohol use disorder found that heavy drinking can disrupt dopamine signaling in the brain. Alcohol artificially increases dopamine levels in the brain's reward system, which provides a temporarily pleasurable “high,” but also reinforces drinking behaviors. 

The verdict: the more you drink, the more damage ethanol causes to multiple brain regions, making alcohol one of the most brain-damaging addictions.

How does alcohol impact the liver?

It’s no secret that alcohol can do major damage to the liver. You need it healthy and strong because the liver is crucial for:

• Metabolism
• Blood filtration
• Blood clotting
• Immunity
• Bile production
• Vitamin and mineral storage
• Glycogen storage
• Cholesterol synthesis
• Hormone metabolism
• Protein production

This busy bee is the primary toxin-filtering machine in your body. When you pour liters of booze down your throat every week, your liver has to work overtime to metabolize all that ethanol. The process of breaking down alcohol also generates toxic byproducts that damage liver cells. 

The liver sustains the greatest degree of tissue injury by heavy drinking because it is the primary site of ethanol metabolism. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption produces a wide spectrum of hepatic lesions, the most characteristic of which are steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. (Osna, et. al.)

Excessive alcohol consumption can overload your liver, leading to liver cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatitis, and even liver cancer. These serious health conditions can have detrimental effects on your metabolism, digestion, immunity, and overall health. 

Why would you do that to your liver? 

Why is alcohol addiction bad for mental health?

Do you think alcohol chillaxes you? Think again. Sure, it might take the edge off after a rough day, but over the long term booze stresses you more. Alcohol exacerbates anxiety, depression, and other mental issues. 

Research has found “significant indirect effects of anxiety sensitivity via emotion dysregulation in relation to hazardous drinking, alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, drinking to cope, and drinking to conform.” This happens because alcohol destabilizes your brain's neurotransmitters. 

It does boost gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and endorphins to relax you and give you that warm euphoric buzz. Along the way, the poisonous ethanol also suppresses glutamate. (Remember glutamate, the neurotransmitter that energizes your mood?) Soon you find yourself feeling anxious, on edge, emotionally drained, and volatile without liquid spirits to lift yours. 

Chronic drinking may also deplete mental energy, blunting the natural endorphin response in people struggling with alcohol addiction. Without proper prefrontal oversight and neurotransmitter balance, alcoholics can fly into fits of rage, become violent, or break down emotionally over minor frustrations. 

Not only does alcohol negatively impact the entirety of your brain, but it can actually physically shrink parts of it. Brain scans of alcoholics show huge deficits in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex, which is your brain’s emotional control center. A 2022 study revealed that “alcohol intake is negatively associated with global brain volume measures, regional gray matter volumes, and white matter microstructure.” 

The verdict: alcohol hijacks your neurochemistry, leaving you emotionally unstable and prone to mood crashes. 

Can alcoholism impair sleep?

Too much booze also takes a sledgehammer to your sleep quality. You'll konk out faster at night, sure. But you won't reach the restorative rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep critical for cognitive function. No wonder you can't remember anything from the night before after a bender.

Acute administration of large amounts of alcohol prior to sleep leads to decreased sleep onset latency and changes in sleep architecture early in the night, when blood alcohol levels are high, with subsequent disrupted, poor quality sleep later in the night. Alcohol abuse and dependence are associated with chronic sleep disturbance, lower slow wave sleep, and more rapid eye movement sleep than normal… (Colrain, et. al.)

Here’s how alcoholism significantly disrupts and impairs sleep quality:

• REM sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and cognitive function. Alcoholics get very little REM sleep, which leads to impaired brain function over time.
• Alcohol increases sleep fragmentation and awakenings: you end up waking up more often which disrupts sleep cycles and makes your sleep shallow and unrefreshing. Anything less than restorative is unacceptable. 
• Heavy drinking worsens sleep conditions such as insomnia and sleep apnea. When you've spent years hitting the bottle hard every night, your brain starts needing that liquid sedative to get any shut-eye. It may even become so bad that the alcohol withdrawal leads to severe insomnia.
• It alters circadian rhythms. Alcohol can shift the body's internal clock, leading to insomnia, daytime fatigue, and dozing at odd hours.

There are more ways alcohol addiction is bad news for your overall health. Alcoholics often struggle to maintain relationships and jobs as drinking becomes their number one priority. This makes it even tougher to get sober without help.

But there may be a glimmer of hope for alcoholics seeking an exit ramp. Emerging research suggests that cannabis, specifically Delta 9 THC and CBD, could help some people overcome alcoholism. Taken in small doses, cannabis may help reduce cravings, ease withdrawal symptoms, and allow alcoholics to cut back.

Many of our delectable gummies contain balanced ratios of CBD and THC. Order our Energy gummies with 5 mg of CBD and only 2.5 mg of THC and discover a tasty way to boost your focus and melt away stress without the hangovers of booze.

One loyal customer, Mike M., has this to say about the way Energy gummies help with mood and focus:

On days where I have blocks of time set aside for deep, focused work, these with a mug of hot tea are perfect. I feel like my research goes better, I enjoy the process more, and I come away from those sessions feeling refreshed instead of drained. So much better than an afternoon coffee.

There are plenty of other reasons to munch on our edibles. Learn about all of them in our in-depth guide to the benefits of low-dose cannabis. 

Can cannabis edibles help fight alcoholism?

Cannabis edibles—such as gummies and THC-infused drinks—contain active compounds from the cannabis plant. Ingested THC and CBD give you therapeutic benefits without the adverse health effects associated with smoking or vaping. 

For those struggling with alcohol, the mellow high of low THC can:

• Curb cravings
• Ease withdrawal symptoms (e.g., headaches and nausea)
• Protect brain cells and improve cognitive function
• Allow more restful sleep to recover from drinking
• Lift mood and reduce risk of depression
• Relax muscles and reduce body aches
• Decrease inflammation and protect the liver
• Help break addiction patterns
• Improve overall quality of life and wellbeing
• Replace drinking

All this without hangovers or long-term health risks. Microdosing cannabis is completely safe and may be an effective way to treat many health conditions like multiple sclerosis, migraines, glaucoma, and sleep disorders.

Speaking of migraines, you can alleviate your migraines with low doses of cannabis. 

Let’s break down the therapeutic effects of cannabis for people with alcohol addiction and see how cannabis edibles:

1. Shield brain cells from alcohol's damaging effects to preserve cognition
2. Help liver detox.
3. Balance neurotransmitters to lift mood and melt away anxiety.
4. Regulate sleep cycles thrown off track by alcohol's interference.
5. Smooth out withdrawal effects such as headaches and nausea.

Our low-dose edibles pack some serious health benefits. They are even great for boosting focus and protecting the brain—either from alcohol, neurodegenerative diseases, or aging. Read more about how THC and CBD help reverse brain aging. 

For that extra boost in focus and creativity—to keep the creative juices flowing—try our Hemp Euphoria gummies. An equal amount of THC and CBD provide an uplifting, euphoric experience, and aids low-energy and no-motivation folk.

What are the benefits of cannabis for the brain?

Years of excessive drinking can seriously damage brain cells, neural connections, and neurotransmitter balance. However, research indicates that small doses of cannabis may actually help protect the brain and support cognitive function during sobriety. 

Unlike alcohol, low THC levels do not appear toxic to brain tissue. In fact, cannabis seems to act as a neuroprotective agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. 

Low-dose good, high-dose bad

The key is to stick to low doses and avoid intoxication, because, according to Volkow, et. al., heavy cannabis use may cause the following negative effects: 

• Paranoia and psychosis
• Addiction
• Impaired short-term memory
• Impaired motor coordination
• Cognitive impairment

These effects are bad for a sober brain, let alone if you’re struggling with alcohol addiction. 

How cannabis microdosing can help with alcohol addiction

Emerging research indicates that controlled, precise cannabis microdoses could help alcoholics by reducing “the overall level of alcohol drinking in animal models of AUD by reducing ethanol intake, motivation for ethanol, relapse, anxiety, and impulsivity.”

Here’s a quick overview of how beneficial cannabis is in helping you fight off alcoholism:

• Cannabis reduces alcohol cravings. THC increases dopamine, ticking the same receptors and neural pathways as alcohol, but more gently and sustainably, without the massive downswing afterward. This provides a pleasant buzz without overwhelming the senses, which is why low THC doses make you mildly euphoric, unlike the intense “high” associated with recreational weed consumption (avoid).
• It eases withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol withdrawal brings nausea, headaches, insomnia, and anxiety. CBD may calm the neurological storm and let you detox without feeling like death. According to a 2023 study, “CBD may regulate specific alcohol withdrawal-associated alterations.” The study revealed that CBD appeared to alleviate the behavioral and anxiety-like symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal and had a modulatory effect on the gene expression region of the brain, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. 
• It protects brain cells. Booze batters your grey matter, but cannabis is anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Low-dose edibles may protect your neurons and mitigate alcohol-related damage.
• Microdosing cannabis promotes new neuroconnections. Chronic drinking entrenches addiction pathways in the brain. THC enhances neurogenesis and prompts neuroplasticity, so your neurons can rewire new, sober habits. 

We know something that might be music to your neurons. Pop one of our low-dose strawberry THC gummies and let those helpful cannabinoids work their magic. Ten milligrams of THC help hydrate your hippocampus instead of pickling it, while CBD is there to provide extra anti-inflammatory protection. 

How does cannabis promote liver health?

Perhaps even more than your brain, your liver bears the brunt of metabolizing excessive amounts of alcohol. But research suggests that cannabis could actually protect the liver from alcohol-related damage. 

Unlike ethanol, cannabinoids like THC and CBD do not appear toxic to liver tissue. They are both metabolized by it, but studies indicate they actually have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may help protect the liver from alcohol and other toxins.

A 2019 review examined the effects of cannabis on the liver and in chronic liver diseases. Here are some of the findings: 

• In alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, some animal and cell studies suggest cannabinoid receptors play a role in fibrosis and insulin resistance. 
• In hepatic encephalopathy, animal models found improvement with cannabis but human data is needed to confirm these findings.
• In animal models of acute liver failure, cannabis improved hepatic encephalopathy (temporary neurological (nervous system) disorder due to chronic, severe liver disease) through anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This suggests a possible therapeutic role for cannabis in treating this severe complication.
• Early cell culture and animal research indicate the endocannabinoid system (ECS) could be a potential target for treating fibrosis and portal hypertension in chronic liver diseases. 

The endocannabinoid system is a miraculous network. It’s made up of molecules called endocannabinoids and receptors on cells throughout your body. The ECS is a signaling system that helps to regulate inflammation, improve mood, regulate hunger, and so much more. 

Plant cannabinoids like CBD and THC can activate your cannabinoid receptors. When your ECS is run-down—like from liver damage caused by heavy drinking—cannabis compounds may help stimulate it. CBD cools inflammation and helps your liver cells heal. THC relaxes you while activating regeneration.

[Animal studies indicate] a beneficial hepatoprotective effect for cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) stimulation... These data indicate a possible role for selective CB1 antagonists or CB2 agonists in treating liver fibrosis, fatty liver disease, and in ameliorating the hemodynamic changes and cardiomyopathy in liver cirrhosis. (Nada, et. al.)

The ECS also plays a role in regenerating liver cells. THC and CBD promote apoptosis (cell death) of activated hepatic stellate cells, which drive fibrosis in the liver. This anti-fibrotic effect helps decrease scarring of liver tissue from excessive alcohol consumption. 

The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) leads to the accumulation of scar matrix and fibrotic liver. A basic study on HSCs revealed that CBD induced downstream activation of the IRE1/ASK1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway that promoted apoptosis, leading to HSC death. (Fu, et. al.)

So if booze has battered your liver, cannabis microdoses may get you back on the road to health. 

Did you know THC and CBD promote cancer cell death in liver cancer patients? At low doses, these guys are all-around good for your liver—and the rest of you.

What are the mental health benefits of cannabis?

While large amounts of THC can exacerbate your anxiety and depression and spark paranoia, low doses can have the opposite effect. An increasing body of research shows microdosing cannabis compounds can chill you out without any unwanted effects.

Many people report using marijuana to cope with anxiety, especially those with social anxiety disorder. THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested. 

CBD can take the edge off anxiety without making you drowsy, at any dose. A tiny taste of THC promotes deep sleep, elevates mood, and keeps your cognition sharp as you age. 

The secret behind cannabis’s low-dose anti-anxiety effects: the endocannabinoid system. THC interacts with two major cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. When THC binds to CB1, the ECS signals the body to release more dopamine. Otherwise known as the “feel-good” hormone, dopamine helps us increase motivation, elevate mood, and keep depression at bay. 

Where dopamine is lacking, an anxiety disorder may develop. Low dopamine levels are directly responsible for depression, anxiety, and many other mental disorders.

The recent discovery that endogenous cannabinoids modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system, however, might be exploited for the development of potential pharmacotherapies designed to treat disorders of motivation. Indeed, disrupting endocannabinoid signaling decreases drug-induced increases in dopamine release in addition to dopamine concentrations evoked by conditioned stimuli during reward seeking. (Oleson and Cheer)

Your body's ECS is crucial for keeping things chill when life gets stressful. The ECS is important for regulating responses to stressful events and establishing the right balance between distress and well-being. Acting through your endocannabinoid system, a little cannabis kickstarts your dopamine production, so you can stay upbeat and optimistic.

Instead of messing with your head, cannabis microdoses could actually improve conditions like insomnia, PTSD, and depression. So don't believe the hype that weed will fry your brain—microdosing cannabis might provide potent mind-body medicine when used responsibly. 

Our Sleep Plus gummies are perfect if you’re struggling with insomnia (which you probably are if you’re used to hugging the bottle). They contain a low dose of THC (2mg) combined with soothing CBD (25 mg per gummy). This dynamic duo works with your endocannabinoid system to shut off the brain chatter, priming you for that restful REM sleep your body’s craving.

How can cannabis improve sleep?

A chronic lack of sleep can disrupt both our physical and mental health. Add alcohol dependence to that and you've got a recipe for some serious all-night tossing and turning. 

The good news is: CBD and THC can do wonders for your sleep. 

One of the biggest sleep disruptions caused by substance abuse is the inability to reach the deeper REM and slow-wave sleep stages. As we explained earlier, these stages are important for crucial for restorative rest, memory consolidation, and cognitive function. Alcohol suppresses REM sleep big time—but cannabis microdoses can counteract this effect.

Cannabis has been used as a natural sleep aid for centuries. Statistics show that many long-term cannabis users consume cannabis to treat sleep issues and improve sleep. 

A 2019 trial review revealed that THC and CBD show extraordinary benefits on sleep as a secondary, rather than primary, outcome. While improved sleep was not the main goal of these studies, nearly all of them showed a positive effect of cannabis administered for conditions like chronic pain, PTSD, or multiple sclerosis. 

A review of preliminary research on cannabinoids and sleep discovered that:

• CBD can treat REM sleep behavior disorder and reduce daytime sleepiness.
• Delta 9 THC may decrease sleep latency.
• Synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and dronabinol may have a short-term effect on sleep apnea. Nabilone and dronabinol have been shown to modulate apneas caused by low levels of serotonin. Serotonin deficiency may lead to a disruption in the circadian rhythm, leading to sleep disorders. (Find out how microdosing THC boosts serotonin levels.)
• Nabilone may also help reduce nightmares associated with PTSD. (Here’s exactly how cannabis helps post-traumatic stress disorder.)
• Phytocannabinoids and synthetic THC-based cannabinoids may improve sleep in patients with chronic pain. 

Another study showed how significant the effects of cannabidiol on sleep are. More than 1,700 participants with sleep disturbances were treated with CBD isolate, CBD and melatonin, and CBD and other minor cannabinoids (CBN, CBC). The results revealed that chronic use of low-dose cannabidiol is a safe and effective alternative to traditional sleep medications, alone or in combination with melatonin and minor cannabis compounds. 

Melatonin is often combined with cannabis to achieve the best results in treating sleep deprivation and other sleep issues. Our snooze-friendly melatonin gummies are a great choice if you’re struggling with sleep. 

How can cannabis curb withdrawal symptoms?

Detoxing from alcohol is a raging nightmare. When your body has become dependent on booze, its sudden absence sends your nervous system into overdrive. You're besieged by a barrage of unpleasant and even dangerous symptoms as your neurons struggle to regain balance.

It turns out that microdoses of THC and CBD can tame many alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

1. Anti-nausea. Cannabis is a world-renowed antiemetic. THC and CBD help calm queasiness by interacting with 5-HT1A receptors involved with vomiting. 
2. Headaches. THC and CBD are potent pain relievers. Nerve pain, cancer pain, migraines, pain stemming from fibromyalgia—cannabis can calm alcohol-related headache pain. 
3. Anxiety. Alcohol withdrawal can induce crippling anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia. Remember how THC and CBD restore balance by increasing dopamine? They also modulate the amygdala, the fear center of the brain. These anxiolytic effects quickly calm feelings of anxious distress during withdrawal.
4. Insomnia. We talked about this, but it’s not a bad idea to highlight the restorative effects of low-dose cannabis on sleep. THC and CBD work together to usher you into sleep while settling your system down. 
5. Appetite. All the nausea is probably making you eat less. The munchies might be a stereotype, but THC really can stimulate appetite to help you get nutrition back on track.

The verdict: microdosing cannabis could help you survive alcohol detox with your sanity intact.

Can I replace alcohol with cannabis edibles?

We’re over the damaging effects of alcohol. We want something that will nourish our bodies and keep us entertained without a heavy toll on our health and well-being. That’s why we’re eager to replace booze with cannabis.

Our low-dose edibles can help reduce alcohol cravings and ease withdrawal symptoms, sure. But how do we make responsible drinking fun? 

We’re so glad you asked because our THC Buzz drops are going to be the life of your every party. This liquid solution brings together ultra-low doses of THC and CBD for a party punch without the nasty hangover. 

You can add them to teas, coffees, milks, your favorite summer lemonades, and Christmas kid-friendly eggnogs. We’re telling you, THC-infused drinks are the BEST alternatives to alcohol.

Check out our long list of recipes for the ultimate THC drinks you can craft at home. 

Is cannabis a good stand-alone treatment for alcohol addiction?

Don't ditch rehab just yet. While the effects of cannabis use on alcohol addiction are promising, cannabis is not a magic cure for alcoholism nor can it replace traditional treatments for alcohol addiction. 

A 2014 review looked at whether cannabis could be a substitute to help people with alcoholism, based on Subaraman’s outline of the criteria for alcohol substitution treatment:

1. It should reduce alcohol use and related harms.
2. It should ideally be free of harm, or at least less harmful than alcohol.
3. Misuse should be less than that of alcohol.
4. It should be shown that it can substitute for alcohol and not be used along with alcohol.
5. It should be safer to overdose than alcohol.
6. It should ideally not potentiate the effects of alcohol especially if either drug is taken in overdose.
7. It should offer significant health and economic benefits.

The results suggested that cannabis seems to meet many of the criteria for being a good substitute.  According to the review, “all criteria except #6 appear either satisfied or partially satisfied.”

This is promising, but you still need therapy to rewire your behaviors, social support to strengthen your resolve, and lifestyle changes to form new habits. It’s a whole enchilada and cannabis is one of the ingredients. 

How do I use cannabis for alcoholism?

Proper dosing is everything. We want to ensure a safe, effective cannabis experience, especially if you’re someone who’s struggling with alcoholism. There’s no shame in it. Let’s help you find your way through microdosing so that you can start feeling like yourself again.

• Start with an extremely low dose. Between 2 and 5 milligrams of THC should do it. This reduces the risk of adverse effects from too much THC.
• Choose balanced edibles containing both THC and CBD. The combination of these two major cannabinoids has proven the best marriage of mellow buzzes and sweet relief.
• Always go for an edible. Ditch smoking, vaping, and other unhealthy and totally unreliable delivery methods. Eating your THC provides a more controlled, gradual onset of effects.
• Take edibles on a full stomach to help avoid gastrointestinal discomfort that some people may experience.
• Wait at least 2 hours before taking more, since edible effects manifest slowly.
• Don’t mix with alcohol, medications, or other substances that could exponentially intensify effects.

By following these tips, you can safely and effectively use cannabis edibles to support your recovery plan and reduce any risks.

Are edibles legal?

According to the 2018 Farm Bill, Delta 9 THC is federally legal if it is derived from hemp and if the THC content in the product does not exceed 0.3% by dry weight. The Farm Bill removed hemp and hemp derivatives from the list of controlled substances and drew a clear legal distinction between hemp and marijuana. 

That makes our Delta 9 edibles legal at the federal level, including gummies with hemp-derived cannabidiol and our THC drinks. 

But despite federal legality, each state individually decides on hemp-derived products' legality within their state borders. See our guide to make sure your state is Delta 9-friendly. 

Resources

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Salinas, A. G., Mateo, Y., Carlson, V. C. C., Stinnett, G. S., Luo, G., Seasholtz, A. F., Grant, K. A., & Lovinger, D. M. (2021, January 15). Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology; Nature Portfolio. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00938-8

Osna NA, Donohue TM Jr, Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Current Management. Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):147-161. PMID: 28988570; PMCID: PMC5513682.

Paulus, D. J., Valadka, J. S., Businelle, M. S., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017, March 1). Emotion dysregulation explains associations between anxiety sensitivity and hazardous drinking and drinking motives among adult treatment-seeking smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000252

Daviet, R., Aydogan, G., Jagannathan, K., Spilka, N., Koellinger, P., Kranzler, H. R., Nave, G., & Wetherill, R. R. (2022, March 4). Associations between alcohol consumption and gray and white matter volumes in the UK Biobank. Nature Communications; Nature Portfolio. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28735-5

Colrain, I. M., Nicholas, C. L., & Baker, F. C. (2014, January 1). Alcohol and the sleeping brain. Elsevier eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00024-0

Volkow, N. D., Baler, R., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014, June 5). Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use. The New England Journal of Medicine; Massachusetts Medical Society. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1402309

Ternay, J. D., Naassila, M., Nourredine, M., Louvet, A., Bailly, F., Sescousse, G., Maurage, P., Cottencin, O., Carrieri, P. M., & Rolland, B. (2019). Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabidiol for Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Damages on the Liver and the Brain. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00627

Gasparyan, A., Navarrete, F., Navarro, D., & Manzanares, J. (2023). Cannabidiol regulates behavioral and brain alterations induced by spontaneous alcohol withdrawal. Neuropharmacology, 233, 109549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109549

Zhu, J., & Peltekian, K. M. (2019, August 1). Cannabis and the liver: Things you wanted to know but were afraid to ask. Canadian Liver Journal; University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/canlivj.2018-0023

Nada, S. A., Abdel-Salam, O. M., & Sleem, A. A. (2017, January 1). Cannabis and Hepatic Injury. Elsevier eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00062-4

Fu, Z., Zhao, Y., Yang, P., Li, H., Hu, D., Xu, X., & Du, H. (2023). Cannabidiol regulates apoptosis and autophagy in inflammation and cancer: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1094020

Stoner SA. Effects of Marijuana on Mental Health: Anxiety Disorders. Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, June 2017. URL: http://adai.uw.edu/pubs/pdf/2017mjanxiety.pdf.

Oleson, E. B., & Cheer, J. F. (2012, August 1). A Brain on Cannabinoids: The Role of Dopamine Release in Reward Seeking. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a012229

Saleska, J. L., Bryant, C., Kolobaric, A., Chen, J., Loewy, D., Colwell, C. S., & Pauli, E. K. (2023, January 23). The safety and relative effectiveness of non-psychoactive cannabinoid formulations for the improvement of sleep: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.20.23284842

Babson, K. A., Sottile, J. E., & Morabito, D. M. (2017, March 27). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports; Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9

Subbaraman, M. S. (2014, January 8). Can Cannabis Be Considered a Substitute Medication for Alcohol? Alcohol and Alcoholism; Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182

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