What is limonene?

Limonene is a naturally occurring terpene responsible for the fresh, citrusy scent in many fruits and plants. Beyond its aromatic properties, limonene has many different applications, from natural cleaning products to potential therapeutic uses in medicine. 

Limonene is particularly abundant in certain sativa-dominant cannabis strains, where it contributes to their uplifting and energizing effects. 

We know a better way to harness limonene's potential benefits—our low-dose Delta 9 edibles that combine both sativa and indica to create a balanced hybrid cannabis experience.

What is limonene?

Limonene belongs to the class of cyclic monoterpenes and has the molecular formula C10H16. Limonene exists in two isomeric forms: d-limonene and l-limonene. The more common d-limonene isomer is responsible for the characteristic citrus scent that many associate with oranges, lemons, and limes.

In nature, limonene serves multiple purposes for plants, including:

1. Pest deterrence: limonene acts as a natural insecticide, repelling or even killing certain pests that might damage the plant.
2. Attracting pollinators: the pleasant citrusy scent of limonene attracts bees and other pollinators that aid plant reproduction.
3. Environmental stress protection: limonene helps plants cope with heat, drought, and other environmental stressors.
4. Antifungal and antimicrobial defense: it protects against harmful microorganisms that could infect the plant.
5. Plant-to-plant communication: limonene can act as a volatile signal, allowing plants to "warn" each other about threats like herbivores.
6. Growth regulation: in some plants, limonene plays a role in regulating growth and development processes.
7. Seed dispersal: by making fruits smell appealing, limonene indirectly aids in seed dispersal when animals eat and spread the seeds.
8. Temperature regulation: the volatile nature of limonene helps plants cool down in hot environments.

In cannabis, limonene contributes to the plant's aromatic profile. It's believed to play a role in the entourage effect. The entourage effect is the synergistic interaction between cannabis compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. They all work together to produce more complex and potentially more beneficial effects than any single compound alone. 

Limonene, along with other terpenes such as myrcene, pinene, and linalool, contribute to this effect by enhancing cannabinoid absorption, interacting with neurotransmitter systems, and providing their own therapeutic properties. These effects shape the overall experience and potential benefits of hybrid cannabis strains.

Limonene has many applications in industry and commerce. Its pleasant aroma makes it a popular choice in fragrances, flavors, and cleaning products, and it can be a useful solvent and a starting material for chemical synthesis.

Limonene flavor profile

Limonene has a distinctly citrusy flavor profile that's immediately recognizable. Its aroma is bright, fresh, and invigorating, reminiscent of freshly peeled oranges or lemons. The scent is sharp and clean, with a slight sweetness to it. 

This aromatic compound has a zesty, tangy taste, but it's not just limited to lemons and oranges; you might also detect notes of lime, grapefruit, or even a hint of pine or peppermint. This diversity in flavor nuances makes limonene a popular choice in both culinary applications and aromatherapy.

The intensity of limonene's aroma varies. In high concentrations, it can be quite potent and even slightly sharp to the nose. In lower concentrations or when blended with other scents, it adds a pleasant, subtle citrus note that enhances the overall aromatic experience. Some might find it invigorating and mood-boosting, while others might perceive it as too sharp or intense if present in high concentrations.

Is limonene psychoactive?

Limonene isn't psychoactive in the traditional sense. It doesn't directly alter brain function or consciousness the same way THC does—but it's not entirely inactive either. 

While limonene won't get you high, it may influence mood and perception in more subtle ways. A 2021 study notes that limonene may have some subtle effects on mood, perception, and mental state through interactions with neurotransmitter systems or by influencing the body's stress response. These effects help limonene reduce anxiety, improve mood, and relieve stress. The study also emphasizes that these effects are not intoxicating or comparable to the psychoactive effects of THC.

To minimize the psychoactive effects of cannabis, many people find success with microdosing. Small amounts of cannabis allow you to experience benefits while reducing the risk of feeling "high" or impaired. Only 5mg of THC in our delicious Relax Plus gummies are balanced by 25mg of CBD to offer a soothing experience without overwhelming effects.  

“I took my first Relax Plus gummy last evening and not only was it delicious, it calmed me down! My evening was peaceful and I slept like a baby!! Relax Plus is a winner!”

—Barbara R., our verified buyer

How does limonene make you feel?

Limonene contributes to the mood-boosting and stress-relieving properties of cannabis. While it won’t get you high, it will provide a more upbeat, relaxed, and focused feeling. Here’s how limonene might affect your mind and body:

1. More upbeat and positive. Limonene improves mood, making you feel more optimistic and cheerful.
2. Relaxed and less stressed. Limonene reduces stress levels, promoting a sense of calm and ease throughout your body and mind.
3. Mentally clearer and more focused. Some people experience improved concentration and mental clarity, finding it easier to tackle tasks or engage in thought-provoking activities.
4. Calmer and less anxious. Limonene's potential anxiolytic properties may reduce worry or nervousness, offering a more tranquil state of mind.
5. Energized but not jittery. Limonene might provide a gentle boost in energy without causing restlessness or the "jitters" associated with other stimulants.
6. Generally content or happy. Users describe a subtle but noticeable improvement in overall well-being and satisfaction.
7. Physically at ease. Users report feeling more comfortable in their body, with reduced tension or discomfort in muscles and joints.
8. Potentially more creative. The mood-boosting and focus-enhancing effects might contribute to increased creativity, so you experience more free-flowing ideas.
9. Mildly sedated. In some cases, limonene has a gentle calming effect, though not as strong as traditional sedatives. This might manifest as a pleasant, relaxed drowsiness.
10. More socially comfortable. The combination of reduced anxiety and improved mood might make social interactions easier and more enjoyable for some people.

You can rely on our entourage effect gummies to reap the effects and benefits of limonene and other terpenes. At balanced ratios to bring out their advantages, our low-dose gummies and THC drinks turn down the potential side effects. 

What are the benefits of limonene?

Limonene is packed with a diverse array of therapeutic effects. Let's dive into the long list of ways limonene might positively impact both body and mind.

1. Anti-inflammatory properties. Limonene can reduce inflammation in the body and alleviate symptoms of many chronic inflammatory conditions, from arthritis to inflammatory bowel diseases. Chinese researchers investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of limonene in an ulcerative colitis rat model and suggested it might work by inhibiting pro-inflammatory compounds and pathways in the body.
2. Pain relief and analgesic effects. Limonene may have pain-relieving properties, reducing both acute and chronic pain. Lin, et. al. found that D-limonene can reduce pain by blocking the release of inflammatory mediators, inhibiting vascular permeability, and reducing neutrophil migration. Research demonstrated that D-limonene significantly inhibited formalin-injection-induced paw swelling and oxidative-stress-induced pain in mice, suggesting its potential as an analgesic agent.
3. Antioxidant activity and cellular protection. Limonene acts as an antioxidant; it neutralizes harmful free radicals in the body. This protection at the cellular level could slow aging processes and reduce the risk of diseases. Research in the lab found that limonene might fight off harmful molecules in certain blood cancer cells by reducing inflammation and preventing cell damage that usually plays a role in diseases such as leukemia.
4. Potential anti-cancer properties. Limonene has shown potential in fighting cancer by inhibiting the spread of cancer cells and promoting their death through different cellular pathways. Lin, et. al. posit that limonene can also enhance the effectiveness of some chemotherapy drugs and prevent certain types of cancer-related damage in the body.
5. Digestive aid and relief from heartburn. Limonene may improve digestive health in several ways. It's been shown to neutralize stomach acid, alleviating heartburn and acid reflux. A 2007 study revealed that D-limonene has demonstrated a gastric acid-neutralizing effect, which contributes to its use for relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). The study also suggested that D-limonene supports normal peristalsis, which can aid in overall digestion.
6. Antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Limonene seems to be effective against certain bacteria and fungi, including some that are resistant to conventional treatments. Research shows it can combat bacteria and fungi that often contaminate our food, including nasty characters such as Aspergillus niger and Candida tropicalis. It's even effective against Listeria monocytogenes, a bacteria that can cause serious food poisoning. This makes limonene a potential ally in food safety.
7. Potential neuroprotective effects. Studies suggest limonene might have benefits for brain health. It protects neurons from damage and may even help in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Research also indicates it could improve cognitive function and memory.
8. Aromatherapeutic benefits. The pleasant citrus scent of limonene is more than just enjoyable—it may have real psychological benefits. Aromatherapy with limonene has been associated with improved mood, reduced stress, and increased alertness. These effects make it popular in both personal and commercial settings for creating positive environments.

Are there side effects to limonene?

Limonene is generally safe to consume, but some people may experience side effects, especially when exposed to high concentrations. If you take an excessive amount of limonene or a limonene-rich strain, you may experience:

• Skin irritation or allergic reactions
• Nausea or upset stomach
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Headaches
• Increased sensitivity to sunlight
• Dry mouth or throat irritation
• Potential interactions with certain medications

To minimize side effects while getting the beneficial properties of cannabis, make sure you consume cannabis responsibly and stick to the recommended doses. This way, you avoid the risk of side effects of limonene and other terpenes and cannabinoids. 

Remember that Delta 9 THC is safe for consumption at lower amounts, but may cause significant adverse effects if you overdo it. No more than 10mg of THC per serving as found in our Euphoria sour gummies will tantalize your senses and provide a mild buzz without impairment.  

What strains are rich in limonene?

Limonene is found in many cannabis strains, but it's particularly abundant in sativa and sativa-dominant hybrids. These strains often have citrusy, fruity aromas and are associated with uplifting, energizing effects. That doesn’t mean that indica strains don’t also contain significant amounts of limonene. 

To experience the full benefits of limonene and the entourage effect, go for a hybrid strain. They skillfully combine sativa and indica genetics to offer a more balanced experience and a wider range of therapeutic benefits. 

If you’re looking for limonene-rich strains, you may want to try some of the following:

1. Lemon Haze: this sativa-dominant strain offers an energizing, citrusy experience that boosts mood and creativity.
2. OG Kush: a classic hybrid known for its relaxing effects, OG Kush often has a complex terpene profile with significant limonene content.
3. Sour Diesel: a popular sativa strain that provides an energetic, uplifting high, often accompanied by a pungent, citrusy aroma.
4. Super Lemon Haze: this sativa-dominant strain is bursting with lemon flavor and offers an energizing, euphoric experience.
5. Durban Poison: a pure sativa strain with a sweet, citrusy scent that provides a clear-headed, energetic high.
6. Jack Herer: named after the famous cannabis activist, this sativa-dominant strain offers a balanced, uplifting effect with a citrusy pine aroma.
7. Lemon Skunk: this hybrid strain combines a strong lemon scent with potent, uplifting effects that uplift mood and increase energy.
8. Tangie: a sativa-dominant strain with a strong tangerine aroma and flavor, produces uplifting and creative effects.
9. Wedding Cake: this strain often has a citrusy, peppery aroma and provides relaxing, euphoric effects.
10. Do-Si-Dos: an indica-dominant hybrid with a complex terpene profile that often includes significant limonene, offering relaxing and mood-boosting effects.

Whichever effects or terpenes you’re looking for in a strain, you can count on nama™ to deliver. 

Choose hybrid weed edibles for a rich terpene profile

Looking for hybrid weed products rich in terpenes, especially limonene? Look no further than nama™. We specialize in premium cannabis edibles that deliver a full spectrum of benefits from carefully selected cannabinoids and terpenes. Our cannabis gummies and THC-infused drinks offer the perfect balance of sativa and indica effects, providing an uplifting and relaxing experience.

We've crafted unique recipes that combine invigorating and calming terpenes, with a focus on the energizing and uplifting effects of limonene. Our products use only the highest-quality, hemp-derived extracts, ensuring a consistent and potent experience every time.

At nama™, we're committed to providing federally legal, rigorously tested products, so don’t worry—all our edibles are federally legal in the U.S.

Order from nama™ and experience the difference in quality while savoring an artfully crafted experience.

Resources

Weston-Green, K., Clunas, H., & Naranjo, C. J. (2021). A Review of the Potential Use of Pinene and Linalool as Terpene-Based Medicines for Brain Health: Discovering Novel Therapeutics in the Flavours and Fragrances of Cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211

Yu L, Yan J, Sun Z. D-limonene exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an ulcerative colitis rat model via regulation of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2 and ERK signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Apr;15(4):2339-2346. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6241. Epub 2017 Feb 22. PMID: 28260017.

Lin, H., Li, Z., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Cai, T., Xiang, W., Zeng, C., & Tang, J. (2023). D-Limonene: Promising and Sustainable Natural Bioactive Compound. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114605

Hirota R, Roger NN, Nakamura H, Song HS, Sawamura M, Suganuma N. Anti-inflammatory effects of limonene from yuzu (Citrus junos Tanaka) essential oil on eosinophils. J Food Sci. 2010 Apr;75(3):H87-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01541.x. PMID: 20492298.

Sun J. D-Limonene: safety and clinical applications. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):259-64. PMID: 18072821.

Yu, H., Lin, Z., Xiang, W., Huang, M., Tang, J., Lu, Y., Zhao, Q., Zhang, Q., Rao, Y., & Liu, L. (2022). Antifungal activity and mechanism of d-limonene against foodborne opportunistic pathogen Candida tropicalis. LWT, 159, 113144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113144

Eddin, L. B., Jha, N. K., Nagoor Meeran, M. F., Kesari, K. K., Beiram, R., & Ojha, S. (2021). Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products. Molecules, 26(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154535

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Further reading

Do terpenes influence cannabis high?

What are the side effects of hybrid weed?

Why is hybrid cannabis best for the entourage effect?

How should I properly store edibles?

Can edibles help my allergies?

How do THC and CBD alleviate nausea?

What are the benefits of THC beverages?